JULY 2003 Editor: Mimi Lozano © 2000-3
mimilozano@aol.com

Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues
Publication of the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research
http://members.aol.com/shhar 714-894-8161

2003 Index
Calendars
Networking
Meetings

Aug. 25, 1940, wedding of Juventino Muela and Margarita Alba, El Paso, TX

Casasola Portraits Reveals Unique Family Story
El Paso Times Living, January 11, 2003

~An Ode to America~
From a Romanian newspaper Editorial - Another Perspective

More than 60,000 immigrants are currently on active duty, with a little more than half of them not yet citizens. Over 20% of all Medal of Honor recipients (716 of 3,406 total) were immigrants, and immigrants were (and continue to be) among the casualties and prisoners in the most recent war in Iraq. For more information on immigrants in the military, see:

o American Immigration Law Foundation (AILF) web site on immigrants in the military: http://www.ailf.org/ipc/immigrants_in_the_military.asp

o Pew Hispanic Center fact sheet on Hispanics in the armed forces: http://www.pewhispanic.org/site/docs/pdf/Hispanics%20in%20the%
20military%20Fact%20Sheet%20.pdf

Source: http://www.hispanicvista.com/html3/060903immi.htm

• Three in five Hispanics are born in the United States.
• It is a young population: A third of Latinos are under 18.
• Hispanics are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to have a high school education.
• More than 21 percent of Hispanics were living in poverty, compared with about 8 percent of white non-Hispanic households and 19 percent of other non-Hispanic households.
• Hispanic population in the United States grew almost four times faster than the rest of the country, accounting for one-half of the population increase in the nation between April 1, 2000 and July 1, 2002, the government said.

Sent by George Gause ggause@panam.edu and Cindy LoBuglio

Jose Angel Fourquet
Executive Director
Inter-American Development Bank

First Hispanic Private Equity Fund Opens For Business
Fund Seeks to Invest $70 Million in Established Companies
http://www.hispanic.bz/first_hispanic_private_equity_fund_opens_for_business.htm
6-10-03

CHICAGO, May 15, 2003 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ - The first nationwide Hispanic venture-capital fund has opened its doors for business, evolving from a 2000 alliance of the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and Bank One Corporation. Hispania Capital Partners is actively seeking to invest more than $70 million in well-established, mid-size companies.

Bank One stepped up with the first investment commitment -- up to $5 million -- and provided initial financing in the early stages of the fund's formation. Bank One also assisted in recruiting additional investors.

'The support, expertise and recruitment of other investors by Bank One and the Hispanic Chamber has been essential in bringing this fund to reality,' said Victor Maruri, fund manager, who has more than 25 years of experience in investment banking and capital markets.

Hispania Capital Partners ( http://www.hispaniapartners.com ) plans to help a number of companies accelerate their growth through equity investments over the next few years with the participation of the U.S. Small Business Administration. The fund typically will invest $4 million to $8 million in businesses owned or managed by Hispanics and those serving the fast-growing Hispanic community.

This is the first national fund focused solely on Hispanic businesses and is licensed by the SBA as a Small Business Investment Company. That allows the SBA to guarantee financing of up to twice the amount of private capital raised by Hispania Capital.

With initial private capital of $21 million and up to $42 million in SBA leverage, Hispania Capital starts off with a war chest to arm Hispanic companies to battle for the business of 35 million Hispanic Americans, who spend $450 billion each year. The country's Hispanic businesses employ more than 1.3 million workers and generate revenue of more than $180 billion.

Over the next five years, the Hispanic population is projected to grow five times faster than the overall U.S. population. Bank One has focused on Hispanic initiatives, such as the fund, because of the substantial Hispanic population in seven key markets Bank One serves: Chicago, San Antonio, Houston, Dallas, Phoenix, Denver and Tucson.

'We know the importance of supporting our communities, whether it's through bilingual employees, banking services, business loans or investments,' said Pete Gillespie, senior vice president in Bank One's Middle Market Banking and a member of the fund's advisory board. 'We know the fund will provide inspiration for the thousands of Hispanic small businesses served by banks like Bank One across the country.'

Hispania Capital is looking to work with established middle-market manufacturing, service and technology companies with annual sales of $10 million to $200 million.

'We see tremendous opportunities to provide growth equity to Hispanic businesses, which historically have struggled to get enough capital,' said Carlos Signoret, co-manager of the fund. 'This fund will help larger companies achieve the kind of rapid growth that would be otherwise impossible.'

Verizon Communications is presently the fund's largest investor. The investment banking firm of Duff & Phelps LLC will provide support and technical assistance through its joint venture agreement with Hispania Capital Partners.

The fund's investment decisions will be based on four primary criteria:

(1) Management: Business leaders and managers with extensive industry and operational experience are the top priority.

(2) Market: The market must have good long-term growth prospects and have large enough potential revenue.
(3) Product: The product or service must have a sustainable competitive advantage.

(4) Realization of gains: Managers must recognize that the fund's eventual exit strategy may include strategic sales, a merger or a public offering.

Hispania Partners usually will seek a return on its investment three to five years after its initial investment. Information about the fund is available through Hispania Capital Partners LLC, 311 S. Wacker, Chicago, IL 60606 or by calling (312) 697-4600 or online at http://www.hispaniapartners.com.

The program is the most comprehensive archive ever compiled of the role of Latinos in film during the last century. Farmers Insurance helped fund the documentary and is making it part of an educators' initiative to teach about multiculturalism.
This fall, 6,000 schools in Long Angeles and San Diego will receive a DVD of the documentary, which includes an introduction narrated by Cheech Marin, and an accompanying curriculum guide that offers multicultural lessons tied to the film.
Farmers unveiled the educators' package at the California Association of Bilingual Educators and held a half-day institute on how to use the curriculum. 'We're trying to . . . develop a curriculum that is reflective of the multicultural tapestry and give teachers something different and interesting to work with,' says Luisa Acosta-Franco, Farmers' public relations manager for diverse markets. '
For more information on The Bronze Screen education program, visit http://www.bronzescreen.net

PEDRO INFANTE 'EL IDOLO'
http://www.pedroinfante-elidolo.com

Sent by Harvey Smith, author gringotapatio@hotmail.com

Who was Pedro Infante? a foreward by Amando Infante
My father, Pedro Infante, made nearly sixty movies in his brief lifetime and recorded 366 songs between 1943 and 1956. He was the first true superstar of the Mexican cinema. His fame and the phenomena of his stardom during the “Golden Age of Mexican Cinema” have never been equaled, even to this day. Pedro Infante was, and still is, El Idolo de Mexico.

http://www.pedroinfante-elidolo.com/where-to-buy.html
For More Information About EL IDOLO
(Books & CD) and Armando Infante,
Contact the Author at: GringoTapatio@hotmail.com
or write: EL IDOLO
3184-G Airway Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626
http://www.pedroinfante-elidolo.com/contact.html
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
A native of Phoenix, Arizona, Harvey Alexander Smith spent eleven years in Guadalajara, Mexico as a college student, magazine publisher and developer building homes for retired Americans. He is an avid horseman and a veteran of many cabalgatas (equestrian trail rides) throughout Latin America. Smith has many friends in Mexico and maintains a close friendship with Armando Infante, youngest son of Mexico’s legendary actor and singer, Pedro Infante. EL IDOLO and companion CD featuring the music of El Idolo, will soon be followed by Margaritas Are For Tourists, chronicling the exciting adventures of his life in Mexico during the 60’s
ARMANDO INFANTE
Born January 10, 1955 in Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico, Armando Infante is the youngest son of famous Mexican singer and actor, Pedro Infante Cruz. He was only two years of age when his father died on April 15, 1957 while the plane he was piloting exploded shortly after taking off. Armando was raised by his mother, Maria de Jesus Gutierrez Rivera, and resided in Morelia most of his life when he wasn’t busy traveling throughout Mexico, Central America and the United States performing the music made famous by his father.

Bernardo de Galvez

General Bernardo de Gálvez
Commemorative Stamp

http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/galvezstamp.htm
This stamp was issued in 1980
on the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Mobile.
It shows Gen. Bernardo de Gálvez,
with the Spanish Cross of Burgundy flag.
© Carl Vinson Institute of Government,
University of Georgia
Links
Spanish Cross of Burgundy Flag page
http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/spflag.htm
Georgia History page
http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/gahist.htm

UNRECOGNIZED MINORITY GROUPS
SERVING UNDER GENERAL BERNARDO GÁLVEZ
by
Granville Hough, Ph.D.

Another Spanish Hero of the America Revolution

SPANISH HEROES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
VICEROY OF NEW SPAIN, DON MARTIN DE MAYORGA
by Granville Hough, Ph.D.
gwhough@earthlink.net

OLMOS

Extract from BLASONES Y APELLIDOS, 828-page book by Fernando Muñoz Altea
In its second edition, the book can be ordered from blasones@mail.com
or at P.O. Box 11232, El Paso, Texas 79995
or by contacting Armando MontesAMontes@Mail.com
Click for a well-known celebrity with the Olmos name.

Wild Blue Yonder

The Black Chamber of Commerce of Orange County, 12th Annual Awards Banquet

Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim, California, June 21, 2003

The Tuskegee Airmen were dedicated, determined young men who volunteered to become America's first black military airmen. They came from every section of America, with large numbers coming from New York City, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, Chicago, and Detroit. Each one possessed a strong personal desire to serve the United States of America proudly and to the best of his ability as an airman, even while many other Americans felt that black men lacked intelligence, skill, courage and patriotism.

Guests at the Wild Blue Yonder event included Galvez Committee members
(L to R) Juan Mayans, Liaison with Spain and Latin American Countries, Electa Anderson,
Long Beach Symphony Orchestra Liaison, Mimi Lozano, and Jack Scanlan, Film Chairman.
Also attending were Viola (SHHAR Board), Charles (past SHHAR Board), ChuckSadler,
Curtis (Sons of the American Revolution) and Marion Porter, Michael Perez, Program Manager.

[[Editor's note: The following comments were from two librarians that viewed the Farm Worker Photo Exhibit at the Fullerton Museum. I asked their permission to include their comments.]]

On a personal note, before I ever selected librarianship as a career, I had deep ties to the hard life of the farm worker. My dad was a farm worker. There were many summers that I spent in the fields of Santa Clara valley working side-by-side with my dad. This was way before it became known as Silicon Valley . Growing up I remember picking prunes, pears, tomatoes, walnuts, cherries, apricots, chilies, etc. It was dirty, sweaty, backbreaking work. In fact, every time I bite nto a fruit or vegetable, I have flashbacks to the fields and orchards that they came from. I also grew up in the Sal Si Puedes barrio of San Jose , a neighborhood that was familiar to Cesar Chavez and is also the title of a book about him. In college I actively participated in the lettuce and grape boycotts led by Cesar Chavez, and later supported the campaign against the use of short handle hoes. There was this one UFW poster that I kept in my dorm room. It was a fundraising event that featured Joan Baez. Before I left employment at CSUF, I donated that poster to the Chicano Resource Center . Not sure if it is still there.

Al Milo alm@ci.fullerton.ca.us
Library Director Fullerton Public Library
353 W. Commonwealth Avenue, Fullerton CA 92832-1796

Hi Mimi, We had a great visit with the girls, enjoyed our dinner, and were surprised and delighted with the play - 'Chavez Ravine' done by the Culture Clash group. Starting with the end first - the culturally-mixed audience gave them a standing ovation for their inspired, multi-media performance. Somehow they managed to weave together a baseball game happening, the history of the Chavez Ravine purchase, and the intrigue surrounding the slimy process of old Los Angeles politics. When
the deal for the Dodgers was finally signed, the table shook, and one character aptly remarked 'Was that an earthquake or a power shift?'. Looking back on all the pain and suffering of the Latino
residents, and the unfair way they were treated, and somehow finding humor and love in it all is part of their magic. The run has been extended through July 12 at the Mark Taper Forum in the Music Center. Sent by Pat Batista roy.pat@batista.com

Edward James Olmos

Part fact and part fiction, Zoot Suit is the film version of Luis Valdez's critically acclaimed play, based on the actual Sleepy Lagoon murder case and the zoot suit riots of 1940s Los Angeles. Henry Reyna (Daniel Valdez) is the leader of a group of Mexican-Americans being sent to San Quentin without substantial evidence for the death of a man at Sleepy Lagoon. As part of the defense committee, Alice Bloomfield (Tyne Daly) and George Shearer (Charles Aidman) fight the blatant miscarriage of justice for the freedom of Henry and his friends. Edward James Olmos stars as the mythical 'El Pachuco' in a blend of action, music, and excitement.
Summary written by Fiona Kelleghan {fkelleghan@aol.com}

SAN DIEGO 21st ANNUAL OLD TOWN DESCENDANT'S DAY, 28 JUNE 2003

In the dusty pantheon of former governors of California, Romualdo Pacheco stand out - and not just because he's the only one who claimed to have lassoed a grizzly bear. Pacheco was the state's first - and, so far, only - Latino governor, as well as the first born in California. He served nine months in 1875.
Born in Santa Barbara into a prominent family hailing from Guanajuato, Mexico, the young aristocrat Pacheco grew up speaking Spanish and then was sent to Hawaii to be schooled in English and French. After stints as a seaman, gold miner and rancher, he was elected judge, state senator, state treasurer and, on the Republican ticket, lieutenant governor.
That job had enough free time for him also to be warden of San Quentin penitentiary. He became governor by default after Gov. Newton Booth won a U.S. Senate sear. Pacheco's most memorable accomplishments: building bridges between the established Californianos and new settlers, and helping develop the University of California. Later he was elect to Congress and became the first Latino to Chair a congressional Committee.

Scott SadyRENO GAZETTE-JOURNAL

Woman takes long road to citizenship
byGeralda Miller
RENO GAZETTE-JOURNAL, 6-20-03
Sent by Cindy LoBuglio lobuglio@thegrid.net

Norma de la Cruz, left, laughs with classmates Rosenda Rodriguez, center, and Beatriz Cardenas during a study session at the free 12-week citizenship course Nevada Hispanic Services center Tuesday in preparation for taking the US Citizenship test.

By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS (May 21, 2003) SALEM, Ore. (AP)
A bill pending in the Oregon Legislature would allow illegal immigrants to pay in-state tuition as long as they graduate from an Oregon high school, have lived at least three consecutive years in the state and show they are in the process of getting legal residency. . . . the state's Hispanic population, which has doubled in the past decade to more than 275,000 out of Oregon's 3.4 million people.
``If they get an education, earn more money and pay more taxes, overall those numbers dwarf the cost of education,' said Josh Bernstein from the National Immigration Law Center, an advocacy group in Los Angeles.
Congress is considering extending legal permanent residence to those under 21 who have lived in the United States at least five years. Under the 1996 federal immigration-reform law, states cannot offer in-state tuition to illegal immigrants unless they also offer it to all legal U.S. residents, regardless of what state they come from.
California and the other states have gotten around the law by basing their in-state tuition policy for illegal students on whether they graduated from an in-state school after a certain number of years of attendance. ``We are not talking about students who speak with an accent. Some have been here their entire schooling since kindergarten,' said Laura Lanka, principal of Woodburn High School, where 60 percent of the 1,200 students are Hispanic. ``I always told them that if they graduated with the right grades and good SAT scores I would help them get into a four-year university.'

The database will provide the first integrated access to the growing body of multi-disciplinary literature on Basque topics, and will serve as a high quality reference tool for scholars in the field, as well as for the casual information seeker. The widespread availability of the information through the out the world, who would otherwise find it difficult to access these materials, and certainly would to find them in one convenient location.
A semi-annual publication of the Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno
Reno, NV 89557-0012 Available free and electronically.

http://www.basque.unr.edu

[[This is a very interesting site with photos and biographies of the leaders, and historical information. Do read it. However, there is one bit of information that I have never read any place else. Does anyone have supporting data?]]

Hispanic were just emerging from their darkest epoch when LULAC was founded. Survival itself was in question. More Mexicans were lynched in the Southwest between 1865 and 1920 than Blacks in other parts of the South, and cases of Mexicans being brutally assaulted and murdered were widespread. No jury would convict an Anglo for killing a Mexican. One famous Anglo gunfighter when asked how many men he had killed responded, 'Each notch on the handles of my guns represent one kill and I have twenty-seven notches, not counting Mexicans.' Discrimination did not know an age limit. In one incident a 14-year Mexican American girl choked to death while eating a dry tortilla because her peers were not allowed to get her a drink from a 'white only' water fountain.

Saldivar Onate Family of Zacatecas and New Mexico

MEMORIAL OF CAPTAIN CRISTOBAL DE ZALDIVAR

September 9, 1628

In 1926 when Leo Harris was 6 years old, he fell in love with classical music and has been trying to share it with the black community since then. Although his children and grandchildren have learned to enjoy classical music, Harris feels his family is the exception in the black community.
Even young African-Americans who are lucky enough to be exposed to classical music often feel uncomfortable expressing their appreciation, largely because the media often define 'black music' as hip-hop or rap.

Leo Harris

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra has started a diversity program to encourage minorities to audition, and last year it hired its first black permanent musician. 'If he makes it, he will have done something I could only dream about.'

Photo: Steve Miller, Rapid City Journal

Memorial dedicated to Bighorn warriors
Ghost Riders: Wire sculpture depicting warriors on horse-back is part of a memorial to the
Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians who fought in the 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn

On June 25, 1876, Custer attacked an Indian village along the Little Bighorn River. He apparently miscalculated the size of the force that he and his troops would face. For more than a century, a hilltop granite obelisk and white headstones on the battlefield have honored the estimated 260 members of the 7th Cavalry who died in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Indians have long said that they never received proper recognition for fighting off the invading force. They now have a monument within sight of the cavalry memorial. Congress authorized a memorial in 1991, but the $2.3 million in funding for the memorial came 10 years later.
National Park Service officials estimated 4,000 people attended the ceremony on June 25, 2003, which included speeches from tribal leaders and politicians.

'When I'm out here performing, I'm trying to give voice to all those people who have passed away, who cannot speak,' said Lewis.

About 16,000 Cherokees remained in the southeastern states when federal troops herded them in to stockades to await the journey to Indian territory. Thousands died from cholera, measles and dysentery. The first groups arrived in what is now Oklahoma in January 1839. That year, the Cherokees adopted a new constitution and build homes, churches and schools in Tahlequah. The Cherokee female Seminary was the first higher-education institution for women west of the Mississippi River. The Cherokee Advocate, printed in 1844 in Cherokee and English, was the first newspaper in the territory.
Today, the Cherokee Nation is the second-largest Indian tribe in the country, with 200,000 members. The tribe never will forget its ancestors and will try to teach its history to anyone who comes, said Will Hill, who played Sequoyah, creator of the Cherokee language. 'It's not just a play for entertainment,' he said. 'It's an actual reliving of history that my family endured. The fact that the Cherokee people are telling it on their own land, among their own people, is one way that helps those that are non-native understand the tragedy and gravity of this history.'

In April, Mexico's Congress revamped an agency to give a higher profile to Indian rights. It replaced the 54-year-old National Indian Institute. It will have a board composed of 13 Cabinet secretaries and an advising council of more than 60 Indian cultures in Mexico, as well as academic experts and state governments. 'Attention to the peoples and communities will now be a responsibility shared by the entire governmental apparatus,' said President Fox. 'In addition, new spaces will be opened to social participation.' Previous operations included a wide range of services for legal advice and road-building to Indian-language radio stations

.

UNDERSTANDING THE DIVERSITY OF INDIGENOUS MEXICO
By
John P. Schmal

The Republic of Mexico is a very large country, boasting a total area of 756,066 square miles and a population of 103,400,165 (July 2002 estimate). And it is noteworthy that this vast area is ruled by one central authority located in Mexico City. The Mexico of today has a central government and a national culture, held together by the Spanish language, which is the primary means of communication across this entire nation.
However, five hundred years ago - before European explorers found their way to the mainland of North America - Mexico was a land of enormous diversity. Across this entire land mass lived hundreds of indigenous groups scattered across mountains, valleys, plateaus, deserts and tropical forests of the lower third of the North American continent. Starting in 1519, Spanish explorers, soldiers and entrepreneurs began a gradual conquest of this land.
Between 1519 and 1600, the Spanish encountered dozens of indigenous groups speaking a plethora of languages, worshipping a pantheon of Gods, and practicing a multitude of cultures. In essence, Mexico was a collection of many nations and autonomous states. But this diversity is a phenomenon that developed slowly and over time.
Individual ethnic groups – as their component parts became isolated geographically from from one another – would undergo linguistic differentiation and cultural divergence. The result was that one linguistic group would slowly – over a period of centuries – splinter into smaller communities, each of which spoke dialects that became incomprehensible to one another. This would eventually lead to one ethnic group – for example the Zapotec Indians – speaking dozens of languages, all of which evolved from the original mother tongue, perhaps thousands of years ago.
Today, however, one might be tempted to ask the following questions: 'Where are the indigenous people of present-day Mexico? Did the old cultures and languages disappear centuries ago?' Yes, many tribes, culture and languages disappeared into extinction from a wide variety of causes: war, disease, slavery, assimilation, and mestizaje. The Mexican and Mexican-American people of today may have received their genetic makeup from some of these 'lost tribes,' but Spanish culture and language have combined with Indian customs and practices to create hybrid cultures on a local level in many parts of the country.
At the time of independence - 1821 to 1825 - the total population of Mexico is believed to have numbered around 6,800,000. Estimates by Rosenblat tell us that 54.4% of this population was classified as indigenous. But by the time of the 1930 national census, the number of Mexican citizens five years of age and older speaking indigenous languages was 2,251,086 individuals, 16.03% of the 14,042,201 national population five years of age and older.
With the exception of the 1921 census, most of the census questionnaires of the Twentieth Century only asked Mexican residents if they spoke indigenous languages and if they were bilingual. These criteria can be misleading. For one thing, many people who may have considered themselves to be part of indigenous culture may not have spoken an Indian language. Also left out of this category would be the vast majority of Mexicans who saw themselves as the descendants of both the Indians and the Europeans.
By 1990, Mexico's population had reached 81,249,645 individuals. Of this total, only 5,282,347 persons five years of age and older spoke indigenous languages, representing 6.5% of the total population. Another 1,139,625 children ranging from newborns to 4 years old lived in the households of indigenous speakers, representing another 1.39% of the population. And another 2,289,716 persons were considered Indian, but did not speak indigenous languages. With all these categories added up, we find that 8,711,488 persons - 10.72% of the total population - were actually identified as Indian or indigenous.
When we move on to the 2000 census, we find that the population of Mexico had increased to 97,483,412 souls. Of this total, 6,044,547 persons five years of age and older were classified as indigenous speakers, representing 6.2%. Living with these indigenous speakers were 1,233,455 children aged 0 to 4 who represented another 1.27% of the national population. And, finally, 1,103,312 people - or 1.13% - were classified as indigenous but did not speak an Indian dialect. When we tally up all these numbers, we find that the 8,381,314 persons were classified as indigenous, representing 8.60% of the total population, a significant drop from the figure of 1990.
And where are all these indigenous speakers found? Ten Mexican states have populations in which more than ten percent of the persons five years of age and older are speakers of indigenous languages, and most of these people are found in southern and central states.
Another ten states have populations ranging between 2% and 5%. And eight states - including Jalisco, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Guanajuato - have indigenous-speaking populations that make up less than one percent of the population of their respective states. The states with the largest percentages of people who speak indigenous languages are listed as follows, with the population of indigenous speakers and the corresponding percentage of the state population:
Yucatán 549,532 37.32%
Oaxaca 1,120,312 37.11%
Chiapas 809,592 24.62%
Quintana Roo 173,592 22.98%
Hidalgo 339,866 17.22%
Campeche 93,765 15.45%
Guerrero 367,110 13.87%
Puebla 565,509 13.04%
San Luis Potosí 235,253 11.70%
Veracruz-Llave 633,372 10.35%
Current events have put the spotlight on the indigenous issues taking place in Chiapas, and almost everyone has heard about the Mayans of the Yucatán Peninsula. But the southwestern state of Oaxaca - without a doubt - has the largest numeric population indigenous peoples within its borders. In the 1990 census, the state boasted a total of 3,019,560 inhabitants, of which 1,018,106 were speakers of indigenous languages who were five years of age or more.
Another 190,715 were children 0 to 4 years of age, living with indigenous speakers. And an additional 383,199 Oaxaca residents were classified as having an indigenous identity (but not speaking an Amerindian language). Once you had added up all these figures, you will find that 1,592,020 persons of indigenous identity lived in the state, representing 52.72% of the total state population and 18.27% of the total indigenous population of the Mexican Republic.
As the fifth largest state of Mexico, Oaxaca is characterized by extreme geographic fragmentation that has led her amazing cultural diversity. Over time, the mountain ranges and valleys of Oaxaca isolated various ethnic groups from one another, leading to the development of many local dialects. This segregation allowed sixteen ethnolinguistic groups to evolve and to maintain their individual languages, customs and ancestral traditions intact well into the colonial era and to the present day.
However, the historian María de Los Angeles Romero Frizzi suggests that 'the linguistic categorization is somewhat misleading' partly because 'the majority of indigenous peoples in Oaxaca identify more closely with their village or their community than with their ethnolinguistic group.' In addition, Ms. Romero writes, some of the language families - including Zapotec, Mixtec, and Mazateco - 'encompass a variety of regional languages, making for a more diverse picture than the number sixteen would suggest.'
Oaxaca's two largest indigenous groups are the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs. Both ethnic groups belong the Oto-Manguean Linguistic Family, which includes as many as 172 languages, ranging as far north as the states of Hidalgo and Querétaro (the Otomí) and as far south as Nicaragua. The Zapotecs, occupying 67 municipios of Oaxaca, are the largest ethnic group in the state.
In fact, of the 172 living Oto-Manguean tongues, sixty-four are Zapotecan. In the 2000 census, Zapotec was spoken by more 421,796 people, or 7.0 percent of all Indians in Mexico. The Mixtecs, with 437,873 speakers over the age of 5 in 2000, were the third largest Amerindian group in Mexico, making up 7.2 percent of the indigenous population of Mexico.
The second largest group of indigenous speakers in Mexico is the Mayan Indians. The Maya - inhabiting several southern states - were tallied at 800,291 in 2000, representing 13.2% of the Indian population. The Mayans are a very diverse group, speaking almost seventy separate languages and occupying almost the entire Yucatan Peninsula as well as Chiapas. In the 2000 census, the percentage of indigenous speakers 5 years of age and over in Yucatan was 37.32%. The corresponding figure for Chiapas was 24.62%.
Assimilation and mestizaje in these southern states did not proceed at the rapid pace seen in the central and northern states of Mexico. In 2000, 495,597 indigenous speakers of Chiapas did not speak Spanish, bringing the percentage of monolingual residents to 36.55% of the Indian speaking population. However, this figure represented only 9% of the total state population.
The Purépecha Indians of Michoacán - also known as the Tarascans - have carried on a proud cultural tradition for almost a thousand years. Although many Michoacanos identify with their Purépecha roots, only 108,545 persons - or 3.2% - living in the state speak indigenous languages. And Purépecha - spoken by a total of 121,409 Mexicans - is only spoken by 2% of all indigenous speakers, making this language only the fourteenth most common tongue spoken in the Mexican Republic.
The Náhuatl language - spoken by the Aztec Indians - is the most common language in all of Mexico. It is spoken by 1,448,936 individuals five years of age and older, accounting for 24% of all indigenous speakers. The language is most common in the central states, but is also spoken throughout the country. Although the Náhuatl language has been widely spoken in Mexico for centuries, internal migration has also played a role in its dispersal throughout the Republic. Similarly, large numbers of Mixtec and Zapotec speakers can be found throughout the Mexican Republic, far from their Oaxacan homelands. In fact, in 2000, Mixtecos made up 31.74% of the indigenous-speaking population of Baja California, 36.52% of Baja California Sur's Indians, and 27.65% of Sinaloa's indigenous groups.
Most of the central and northern states of Mexico have much smaller populations of indigenous speakers. Although a wide range of nomadic Indians wandered through various parts of Chihuahua during the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, many of those aboriginal tribes have vanished into extinction, usually being assimilated into more dominant tribal groups or settling down in the Spanish settlements to work as laborers. According to the 2000 census, the population of persons five years and more who spoke indigenous languages in the State of Chihuahua amounted to 84,086 individuals - or 3.21% of the population of Chihuahua five years of age and older.
The primary indigenous groups represented in Chihuahua were: the Tarahumara (who numbered 70,842, or 84.25% of the indigenous population), the Tepehuán (numbering 6,178), the Náhuatl (1,011), Guarijio (917), Mazahua, Mixteco, Zapoteco, Pima, Chinanteco, and Otomí. Of these groups, only the Tarahumara, Tepehuán, Guarijio and Pima-speakers are indigenous to Chihuahua and adjacent states. The rest of the indigenous speakers represented transplants from Indian tribes that came from other parts of Mexico.
Many people are curious about the indigenous people of Mexico because they represent the last vestige of the old Mexico. We cannot discount the influence of the Spanish culture, nor can we ignore the genetic and cultural contributions that African slaves, Basque immigrants, French emigres, and mestizo communities have made to Mexican society.
The Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) is the Mexican governmental institution responsible for the collection and publication of census data. The reader who has an interest in exploring the social demographic and economic data for Mexico and its component states, can access the INEGI 2000 census data as the following website:
http://www.inegi.gob.mx/difusion/espanol/poblacion/. To find out the absolute numbers and percentages of indigenous speakers for each state in 2000, you may access the following URL:
http://www.inegi.gob.mx/difusion/espanol/poblacion/definitivos/nal/sintesis/lengua.pdf/.
Copyright © 2003 by John P. Schmal. All Rights under applicable law are hereby reserved.
John Schmal is the coauthor (with Donna S. Morales) of 'Mexican-American Geneaological Research: Following the Paper Trail to Mexico' (published in 2002 by Heritage Books of Bowie, Maryland).
John also gives lectures on Indigenous Mexico and is a Mexican genealogical consultant at the Los Angeles Family History Center. John Schmal and Donna Morales recently signed another contract with Heritage Books to publish 'The Indigenous Roots of a Mexican-American Family,' which should be appear in print this October.
Sources:

Lyle Campbell, American Indian languages: the Historical Linguistics of Native America (Oxford University Press: Nueva York, 1997).
Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun (eds.), The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979).
Departamento de la Estadistica Nación, 'Annuario de 1930.' (Tacuba, D.F., 1932),
María de Los Angeles Romero Frizzi, 'The Indigenous Population of Oaxaca From the Sixteenth Century to the Present,' in Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod (eds.), The Cambrdige History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II, Mesomaerica, Part 2 (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Barbara F. Grimes (ed.) 'Ethnologue: Languages of the World,' 14th ed. Summer Institute of Linguistics: Dallas.
Barbara F. Grimes (ed.), 'Languages of Mexico,' Online, December 2001.
http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Mexico
Last modified: January 2002 (Dallas, Texas: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C.).
Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI). 'Estados Unidos Mexicanos. XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 2000. Tabulados Básicos y por Entidad Federativa. Bases de Datos y Tabulados de la Muestra Censal.' Mexico City, 2001.
INEGI, 'Estados Unidos Mexicanos. XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990, Resumen General.'
Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 'Social and Demographic Statistics,' Online: http://www.inegi.gob.mx/difusion/ingles/fiest.html. November 11, 2002.
'National Profile of the Indigenous Peoples of Mexico: Chapter 2. Location of Indigenous Peoples in Mexico,' Online:
http://sedesol.gob.mx/perfiles/nacional/english/02_location.html April 10, 2002.

Sephardim

This site is a research tool for Sephardic & Jewish genealogy.

We will attempt to cover many facets of Sephardic culture and attempt to add new information daily.

http://sephardim.com/
Focus on:
England
France
Portugal
Italian
Spanish

Henry Abramson, associate professor, program of Holocaust and Judaic Studies
at Florida Atlantic University, among some of the 30,000 books to be cataloged.

LA SANTA CATALINA
Written by Richard Santos
International Research Historian, Linguist and Educator based in San Antonio Texas
Sent by Ernesto Uribe Euribe000@aol.com and George Gause ggause@panam.edu

Little Ships Treasure . . . was People
It was a small ship, dual masted, squared-rigged, displaying only 30 tons fully loaded. It slipped into the port of Tampico in September 1580 and quietly began to unload its treasure. It carried neither spices from Cathy nor silks from Persia. Yet, its cargo was more precious than any which had sailed in the opposite direction from the Incas of Montezuma's treasury, The Santa Catalina carried people.
Two hundred families that sailed upon the Santa Catalina were Spanish and Portuguese shephardic Jewish colonists. They were settlers brought by conquistador Captain General Governor don Luis de Carvahal y de la Cueva for the purpose of establishing 'the Nuevo Reyno de Leon.' This 'new' kingdom of Leon was decreed to begin at the mouth of the Panuco River (Near
Tampico) and extend 200 square leagues in all directions. Four centuries later, the states of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, south Texas and arts of Chihuahua and San Luis Potosi would compromise the extent of the 'New Kingdom of Leon.'
Although the families (including the Governor and relatives) were all of shephardic descent, a great number were sincere and devout Christians. They were called conversos (converts) or nuevos cristianos (new Christians). A number of these families, however, were anusium (forced ones) who had been forcibly converted to Christianity. According to the records of the Holy Office of the inquisition, an even greater colonists were crypto-Jews who outwardly practiced the Christian faith while privately observing the 'Laws of Moses.'
A hurricane that hit the Tampico area shortly after their arrival, began to disperse the two hundred families. Many fled towards Mexico City, settling there and in Taxco, Puebla and Queretaro. Others moved into the mining areas of the north to meet old friends and relatives in Zacatecas, Mazapil and Mipimi. Still a number stayed with Carvajal y de la Cueva and entered into exploration and colonization of Nuevo Leon.
One old friend who had apparently been waiting for the families was don Diego de Montemayor. .Somehow related to the governor, don Diego enlisted in the ranks bringing along another old friend, don Gaspar Castaño de Sosa. The fourth person was captain Alberto del Canto. who in 1577 had been the officer on record as founder of Saltillo. The four men, perhaps all related, had been
active prospectors and slave runners in the Zacatecas- Miprimi-Mazapil frontier. Through a coordinated effort, Carvajal y de la Cueva sent them to select townships and mining sites. Later the governor would claim that he had sent don Antonio de Espejo into the tierra incognita now called New Mexico. Some of Espejo's men--who later served under del Canto, Castano de Sosa and Montemayor and settled in the Nuevo Reino de Leon--would seem to
verify the claim.
In 1582, Carvajal y de la Cueva entered the heart of Nuevo Leon and first settled at the site del Canto had named San Gregorio. The governor renamed it Ciudad Leon.. Years later it was named Cerralvo. The next stop by del Canto was the place called Santa Lucia, which Carvajal y de la Cueva named Volla after the governors fall. Montemayor resettled the site and called it Monterrey.
Late in 1585, the Mexican Supreme court ordered the governor to present himself in Mexico City. Upon arriving, he was quickly placed under house arrest and charged with maltreatment of the Indians and overstepping his authority in regards to jurisdiction of other frontier kingdoms.
An Indian uprising in Nuevo Leon forced acting governor Diego Montemayor to retreat to Saltillo, taking all families and prospectors there for safekeeping.
In early 1588, Carbajal y de la Cueva fled Mexico City and appeared in Saltillo where he regrouped his men and re-entered Nuevo Leon and on May 2, 1588, formally established the mining township of Almaden. Castano de Sosa was appointed mayor while Montemayor continued as acting governor.
Fleeing Mexico City, the governor had become a fugitive of the law and was rearrested at Almaden and taken in chains to Mexico City. While in prison, the governor learned that his sister and some of her children had been arrested as being Crypto-Jews. The governor himself was charged with being of Jewish descent and a 'protector of the Jews.'
Two of the governors nephews had already fled from New Spain. Miguel and Baltazar Rodrigues de Matos (alias Carbajal) changed their names and resettled in Amsterdam after a stopover in the Vatican state. Also fleeing at the time were the husbands of the two nieces, Jorge de Almeida and Antonio Diaz de Casares. They managed to escape with their respective children. The governor's namesake and heir apparent, Luis Rodriguez de Matos, alias Luis de Carbajal, was also arrested. Under severe torture by the inquisition, the younger Luis later identified 116 Crypto-Jews.
The arrests in Mexico City prompted Castano de Sosa to act. On July 27, 1590, Castano de Sosa gathered 170 people at Almaden and marched towards New Mexico. They crossed the Rio Grande between the Devils and Pecos Rivers, and followed the latter all the way to New Mexico.
Shortly thereafter, the entire group was arrested and returned to Chihuahua. Most of those families slipped back to Saltillo while others eventually joined the 1598 New Mexico colonization expedition of Juan Perez de Onate.
The mining town of Almaden was destined to be resettled a number of times until it eventually became a permanent town site now known as Monclovia, Coahuila. Former governor Luis de Carvajal never learned of any of this for he died in mid-February 1591 in the cells of the holy office of the inquisition.
The governor's relatives, who had been reconverted to Christianity and released in 1590, were rearrested beginning February 1, 1591. There was no possible excuse this time for they were confirmed 'unrepented Jews.' Their physical torture began exactly one year and five days later. Their executions were held in the great Acto de Fe (Act of Faith) on December 8, 1596.
The inquisition was lenient with the women. They were first strangled with a wire before their bodies were burned. Luis Rodriguez de Matos, alias Luis de Carbajal, alias Joseph Lumbroso was burned alive for refusing to denounce his faith. Church historians and others would later debate a possible last minute conversion, His manner of execution argued against it.
All family members named Carbajal died that day. Surviving family members included Almeida, Rodriguez, Nunez, Casares, Hernandez, Diaz, Fonseca, Perez, de Leon and Chavez. Also surviving would be the brothers Miguel and Baltazar who chose to honor their brother, the young Luis by
changing their name to Lumbrano, thence other surviving possible relatives would include the del Canto, Castao de Sosa and Montemayor families with their respective Rodriguez, Garza, Falcon, Trevino, Quintanilla, Guerra, Hinojosa and Villarreal in-laws.
Today, 408 years after the arrival of La Santa Catalina and 392 years and two days after the Acto de Fe (Act of Faith), the descendants of the passengers of that small ship are primarily scattered throughout Northeast Mexico, Texas and New Mexico. By en large the descendents are Christian today. All that remains is a whispered oral tradition handed down for more than 400 years that are of Jewish descent.
Also remaining are selected plates and 'folk customs.' This include Semite (Semite bread), Capirotada (a raisin pudding), Albondigas (a seafood delicacy), turcos (a meat-filled bread called empanaditas in New Mexico), cabrito al pastor (roasted, not stewed in its own blood) and tortillas de flor de trigo (flower tortillas), which the young Luis recorded in his diary as being prepared in what is now the 'Valle de Circumsision' (Circumcision Valley).
The Southwest Hispanic Research Institute of the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque is initiating its project on 'Hispanic Jews and their Catholic descendants in New Mexico' The Institute is to be congratulated into delving into this long forgotten chapter in history of Northeast Mexico, Texas and New Mexico.
After almost 20 years, I am still editing and expanding my manuscripts on the subject which first appeared in the newspaper in 1973. It is a debt owed to the passengers of La Santa Catalina. May they be remembered this Holiday season.

On February 5, 2002, the National Council of La Raza (NCLR), in conjunction with the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding (FFEU) and the World Jewish Congress (WCJ), sponsored the First Annual Latino/Jewish Congressional Awards Ceremony. It was an historic event attended by numerous members of Congress. WJC chairman Dr. Israel Singer and NCLR President Raul Yzaguirre urged those in attendance to identify issues that require action, and in which the experience of both communities can be put to work building an effective coalition between Jews and Latinos, constituting a model of intercommunity understanding at the international level.
Rabbi Marc Schneier and the late New York producer and director Joseph Papp founded FFEU with the purpose of strengthening relations among ethnic communities, combating bigotry and promoting understanding among Blacks, Jews and Latinos. WJC is an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations serving as a diplomatic arm of the Jewish.
The Joseph Papp Racial Harmony Award was given to Representatives Bob Filner (D-CA) and Silvestre Reyes (D-TX). Congressman Reyes has been an outspoken advocate in favor of the Hispanic/Jewish dialogue and a strong supporter of the El Paso Holocaust Museum. Congressman Filner represents California District 50 - one of the most ethnically diverse districts in the nation composed of 41% Latino, 29% Anglo, and 15% African American. In 2002, Filner was the only California member of Congress to receive a perfect score on all the votes monitored by the National Hispanic Leadership Agenda.

For more information: 202-785-5384, ext. 5
For sponsor information, visit http://www.nclr.org/special/conf

'Yes, we all had a wonderful time, but the most important item on our agenda, is the promotion of our ancestor Col. Juan N. Seguin. We must bear in mind to continue in our quest to help educate the general public at large of Juan Seguin's contributions, and needless to say, his many sacrifices, in helping to obtain a free and independent Texas.

It is important to let our youngsters know of their birth right and heritage so that they too may hold their heads up high and proud in the knowledge that our ancestors helped to make the Great State of Texas what it is today.'

Source: 'Mythologizing The Alamo', Express News (San Antonio, Texas: Saturday, March 3, 1990, page 6-C) http://alamo-de-parras.welkin.org/archives/newsarch/santos.html

Next month, the JLC Ranch, arguably one of the oldest ranches in the state remaining in the hands
of one family, will be transferred for $16 million to Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America Inc. Within three years, pickup truck, not cattle, will be produced there.
On February 10, Toyota formally announced it would make an $800 million investment in a plant that will employ 2,000 workers. The state plans $14 million in infrastructure improvements on the site, mostly extending a rail line to the plant, and the city will kick in another $14 million.
___________________________________________________________________________
[[Editor's note: there are historical errors in this article, please read below and go to the website, for more information. Juan Ignacio Pérez, the son of Domingo and María Concepción (de Carvajal) Pérez, was born in July 1761, the third of thirteen children, into a family long involved in the military affairs of Texas. He was not a young colonist from the Canary Islands.]]

* Ignacio Pérez served as ad interim governor of Texas in early 1817, being relieved by Manuel Pardo in March. Later in 1817 Pérez gave valuable service as an Indian fighter and in 1819 was sent by Governor Antonio María Martínez to oppose the encroachment on Texas soil by the Long Expedition. Pérez left San Antonio de Bexar on September 27, 1819, with some 550 men, soon to be augmented by 100 more when Indians threatened the force. Moving toward Nacogdoches, he captured two small groups of Anglo-Americans. On October 11 and again on October 15, he engaged small detachments of James Long's men. He arrived in Nacogdoches on October 28 and moved on to the Sabine. Long and remnants of his force had fled, but Pérez remained through November to drive the remaining Anglo-Americans out; his return trip to San Antonio was completed on February 2, 1820.
In October 1821, he was sent again to engage Long, who reorganized his forces at Point Bolivar and had taken the town of La Bahía (present Goliad). The town capitulated quickly before
Pérez, and four days later, on October 8, 1821, Long was made a prisoner by Pérez and taken to San Antonio.

Source: The Handbook of Texas, a Dictionary of Essential Information
Published by the The Texas State Historical Association, 1952

_{_____________________________________________________________________________________}
To learn more go http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/PP/fpe32.html
This biography is written by Jack Jackson, author of Los Mesteños, 1721-1821
Excellent book that covers Spanish Ranching in Texas.

WHERE: 2600 Live Oak at Good Latimer, Dallas, TX 75204
State-of-the-art building and cultural programs will enrich Dallas area with Latino culture and heritage
Sent by George Gause ggause@panam.edu

WHAT: In just a few months, the North Texas area will be infused with Latino culture and heritage with the opening of the Latino Cultural Center in Dallas. At the world-class cultural, performance and educational complex uniquely focused on Latino culture and contributions, the rich artistic expression of Latinos from yesterday to today will be represented.
The goals of the center include the following:
*Preserve the arts and cultural traditions of the Latino population;
*Expose non-Latino communities in North Texas to the rich cultural heritage of the Latino population;
*Nurture the Latino arts community in Dallas and beyond, especially help younger artists develop.
CONTACT: John Watts Nieto, Cultural Programs Coordinator, Latino Cultural Center
214/670-3320 or jnieto@mail.ci.dallas.tx.us
Danielle McClelland, Public Information Officer, City of Dallas
214/564-7697 (mobile) or dmcclel@ci.dallas.tx.us

J.D. VILLARREAL'S HOMEPAGE

If you have roots in Starr County, please look at this web site. Links to many resources, both historical and genealogical. J.D. is a teacher and has compiled related information as well.

Newspapers in Texas
RootsWeb Message Board for Starr County -Ancestory.Com, 1860 Starr County, Census image
Roots Web : Ancestry.Com for Starr County
Starr County, Texas History
Pictures of Rio Grande City
The Online Handbook of Texas
Family Roots: Includes Starr County Family Roots.
JUAN IGNACIO BARRERA FAMILY'S GENEALOGY (MIER, TAMAULIPAS MEXICO)
Jose O. Guerra's-Hispanic Genealogy Web Page
Family Trees of South Texas: by Erasmo Eduardo (Eddie) Pulido
Web Family Cards: By Danny Villarreal
Los Villarreales Genealogy de Porcion 75-Juan Bautista Villarreal-in Starr County

Los presidios de Coahuila
http://mx.geocities.com/presidial/lospresidios.htm
Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com
This is a wonderful resource for those that have already some information of their soldier ancestors. It also will help in giving a better understanding of what it took to set up and maintain settlements in these area. Terms such as: principal los indios los misioneros los soldados relatos personajes curiosidades otros sitios participa
Los presidios eran las fortificaciones utilizadas por los soldados presidiales para protección contra los indios o las invasiones de extranjeros. Formaban una línea desde el océano Pacífico hasta el Golfo de México. En Coahuila (y Texas) existieron varios de los que aun se conservan ruinas de algunos.
[[ Read of the character description of the soldiers in Coahuila. ]] El reglamento de 1772 dispuso una nueva distribución de los presidios a lo largo de la frontera norte, formando una línea de defensa contra los indios y extranjeros. Esta línea constaba de trece presidios, más dos en avanzada hacia el norte (los de Santa Fe en Nuevo México, y San Antonio del Bejar en Texas). Los presidios mantenían un correo mensual entre ellos. Bajo este contexto se formó una casta de hombres muy especiales, que fue la de los soldados presidiales. Los soldados presidiales, una casta muy especial de hombres El reclutamiento de los soldados presidiales se hacia con gentes de la región. Nacidos en los desiertos y montañas del norte, criados bajo el constante peligro en que los ponían los indios bárbaros que infestaban esas provincias, siempre expuestos al extremoso clima, acostumbrados a grandes jornadas y fatigas, los soldados presidiales poseían características fundamentales para su sobrevivencia y para el combate contra los indios que los soldados regulares de otras partes no tenían.
Information on the following Presidios
PRESIDIO DE SANTIAGO DEL SALTILLO DEL OJO DE AGUA
PRESIDIO DE SAN FRANCISCO DE COAHUILA
PRESIDIO DE SAN JUAN BAUTISTA DEL RIO GRANDE
PRESIDIO DE SANTA ROSA MARIA DE SACRAMENTO
PRESIDIO DE SAN FERNANDO DE AUSTRIA
PRESIDIO DE SAN VICENTE.
PRESIDIO DE MONCLOVA VIEJO
PRESIDIO DE AGUA VERDE
PRESIDIO DE LA BABIA

EUROPEAN COMB MORION HELMET Circa 1570
Mistakenly thought to be representative of a Spanish helmet, this comb morion helmet became the universally popular style for the military during the reign of King Edward VI of England. It was also used by Spanish soldiers during their colonization's efforts.
Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com

Nueva Espana, Nuevas Philipinas - Provincia de Tejas, 1528-1821

http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/Spaincon.htm
Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com

Links to each of the following:

SONS OF DEWITT COLONY TEXAS
© 1997-2002, Wallace L. McKeehan, All Rights Reserved

Affidavit from Don Manuel Muñoz
Dated 14 August 1794

Don Manuel Muñoz, Lieutenant Colonel of the Cavalry of the Royal Army and, by order of His Majesty, Political and Military Governor of the province of Texas which is divided into two Ministries, the Royal Treasury and that of War.

I certify:

The doctor, Don Agustin Guillermo de Espangemberg, during the time he was in this Villa (San Fernando de Bexar), treated and cured me from an accident caused by 'cargazon de humores' and that he also bled the Assistant Inspector, Don Juan Gutierrez de la Cueva, who failed to inquire if any medicine was used (not having the curiosity to ask); he had done the same with the otehr persons listed here which are: Don Blas Gil, who has given certification because of the cures to both himself and his wife; Don Joaquin Flores; JOsefa de Abila; Don Vicente Flores; Jose Antonio Quiñones; Don Manuel de la Concha; Jose Areola; a daughter of Mariano Ureña; Rita de Luna; Francisco de los Santos; Jose Reymundo Diaz; Don Xavier Galan; Carmen Guerra; Antonio Leal; Don Lucas de 'Agula (or Aguilar); the driver of the Assistant Inspector: the Cadet, Don Jose Maria Guadiana; Don Vicente de la Cueva: a daughter of the Cavalry Corporal, Patricio Rodriguez, all of whom I have received declarations from and they state that they were helped and treated for their ailments and they were cured, not having suffered recurrences, even to this day.

It is also true that he treated and applied medication to Don Miguel Yañez, (who served briefly as a notary to the Governor who writes this), but he did not appear to give a declaration. He did state, however, that his illness was due to other causes.
And so that it may be recorded wherever it may be convenient, I present this referral to Don Agustin Guillermo de Espangemberg, dated in San Antonio de Bexar on the fourteenth day of August, 1794.

Don Manuel Muñoz (Rubric)

Spanish Archives at the Bexar County Courthouse, microfilm roll #24, Los Bexarenos, 1986

The Medals of Saint Hélèna-Genealogy
http://www.stehelene.org/php/accueil.php?lang=en
Sent by Joan De Soto

The author was María F. Rollin who signed copies of her new book
The Fighting Padre of Zapata, Father Edward Bastien and the Falcon Dam Project

6307 Wurzbach Road (at Evers Road) San Antonio, Texas 78240-7535
http://www.borderlandsbooks.com

Instituto Estatal de Documentacion (State Archives of Coahuila)
Located in Ramos Arizpe, a suburb of Saltillo, Coahuila
Contact: Alfonso Vasquez Sotelo, Director http://www.coahuila.gob.mx/sgob/ied/
Sent by Jesse Rodriguez 110245.2376@compuserve.com & George Gause ggause@panam.edu

http://dl.tamu.edu/Projects/sodct/coahuilacon.htm
Source: Roberto Calderon beto@unt.edu
The site is copyrighted by Wallace L. McKeehan, 1997-2001 and he
has named he overall site, 'SONS OF DEWITT COLONY TEXAS.'

Emotionally touching article of Ulises walking in the footsteps of his great-grandparents, Andrés Nicolás de la Torre, born in Malaga, Spain.
Source: Nuestra Herencia, Spring/Summer 2003, Volume 6.2
A Hispanic Genealogical Society of New York Publication http://www.hispanicgenealogy.com

Las Lenguas de Jalisco
by
John P. Schmal

Educational Feature Story, http://www.hispanicvista.com/html3/060903ed.htm, June 9, 2003

John Collins' Articles What's Happening in the Caribbean, Index

Pymes Dominicanas.com
http://www.pymesdominicanas.com/english/articles/indexen_art/Index_collins.htm

Following are links. . . Great Site.

Mel Miller's Camino
The History of Madrid Spain
New France
Genealogist for/of Venezuela

Fuera de eso, dice, El Nica enseña las variedades musicales y rítmicas del idioma español, algo que es altamente apreciable en el contexto angelino, donde se juntan centroamericanos, sudamericanos, caribeños e incluso españoles.
“Por ejemplo, nosotros utilizamos mucho la palabra ‘¡chocho!’, que para los salvadoreños es como decir ‘hijue púch…’, o para los mexicanos ‘chin…’”.
Para muchos, en la presentación de obras como El Nica está la posibilidad de diversificar la oferta teatral, que hasta el momento es atendida por las agrupaciones mexicoamericanas y mexicanas, mayormente.
El Nica es una obra que se ha presentado por tres años en Costa Rica y próximamente estará en el teatro Rubén Darío, de Managua. Patrocinadas por varias organizaciones binacionales, las presentaciones en Los Angeles destinarán parte de lo recaudado a la Fundación de Niños Abandonados de Nicaragua.

THE ORIGIN OF SPANISH FAMILY NAMES FOR FILIPINOS
By
Rina D. Dungao, Ph.D

I have never really paid attention to the numerous Spanish surnames that most Filipinos carry (myself included) until I came across the 'Claveria Decree of 1849' while doing research for my next article. Most of the time, when the thought of most Filipinos having Spanish surnames crossed my mind, I dismissed it to the fact that the Philippines was after all, hispanized for so many years, hence, the numerous Spanish surnames that abound.

Based on an 'introduction' of Dr. Domingo Abella in his 'CatalogoAlfabetico Apellidos ' (1849), (Reprinted by the National Archives in Manila, 1973, Publication No. D-3), it was interesting to discover that before the Claveria Decree, most of the Filipinos (at that time, we were referred to as 'indios' or 'natives') did not have individual surnames. Having been recently converted to Christianity and Roman Catholicism, what most Filipinos did was to adopt the names of the saints which explains why many individuals have the same surnames such as 'de los Santos' ( meaning ('of the Saints' or 'from Saints') and 'de la Cruz' ('of the Cross' or 'from the Cross').

This practice, however, resulted in confusion 'with regard to the administration of justice, government, finance and public order', not to mention 'moral, civil and religious consequences' that most officials feared might occur simply because the family names were not transferred to the children making it 'impossible to prove the degrees of consanguinity' for marriage purposes and other important transactions. It was mainly because of these reasons that a need for a catalogue of surnames was established.

Enter the compilation of family surnames by the religious orders of the Reverend Fathers Provincial who were tasked to obtain and collect Spanish surnames including indigenous names and also those 'furnished by the vegetable and mineral kingdoms, geography, arts, etc.' After which, a directive was issued for the implementation of a civil register which was supposed to serve as the 'basis for statistics in a country, guarantee tax collections, regular performance of personal services, and the receipt of payment for exemptions.' It also provided specific information on the population’s movement, thereby avoiding 'unauthorized migrations, hiding taxpayers and other abuses'.

Thus, after hearing testimonies from the Reverend Provincials of the religious orders, the bishops and the Assessor General of the Government, D. Narciso Claveria y Zaldua, then 'El Conde de Manila' as well as 'Gobernador y Capitan General de Filipinas', after obtaining a copy of the printed catalogue of surnames, ordered officials or heads of each province, to be assigned to every town and distribute a number of surnames making sure that the distribution be in appropriate proportions. This came to be known as the 'Claveria Decree of 1849'. Some excerpts of the 'Claveria Decree' were:

1. '…the head of the province shall send these catalogues to the respective parish priest for distribution to the 'cabecerias' (barabgays); this distribution shall be carried out with the help of the 'gobernadorcillo', another municipal official, and two competent and respected 'principales'. Each 'cabeza' shall be present with the individuals of this 'cabeceria', and the father or the oldest person of each family shall choose or be assigned one of the surnames in the list which he shall then adopt, together with his direct descendants.
2. Natives of Spanish, indigenous or Chinese origin who already have a surname may retain it and pass it on to their descendant.
3. Children whose fathers are dead shall be given the surname of the paternal grandfather, and tin the absence of this, the surnames of the brothers or relatives of their father, thus avoiding unnecessary multiplicity and ensuring that those of the same family branch shall have the same surname.
4. Children of unknown fathers shall be given the surname of the mother, and if this is also unknown, the surname of the guardian, or baptismal sponsor, or of the parish priest in case the sponsor does not allow it.
5. Families who can prove that they have kept for four generations their surnames, even though it may be the name of a saint, but not those like 'de la Cruz', 'de los Santos', and some others which are so numerous that they would continue producing confusion, may pass them on to their descendants . The Reverend Fathers and the heads of provinces are advised to use their judgment in the implementation of this article.
6. …Each 'barangay' shall be assigned two to three days for any objections (regarding the new surname) which may be made before the parish priest.
7. School teachers shall have a register of all children attending school, with their names and surnames, and shall see to it that they shall not address or know each other except by the surname listed in the register which should be that of the parents. In case of lack of enthusiasm in compliance with this order, the teacher(s) shall be punished in proportion to the offense at the discretion of the head of the province.
8. The heads of families shall make known their new surnames to their children who may be absent…
9. Neither the heads of provinces, nor parish priests, nor 'gobernadorcillos' shall approve applications or documents (baptism, marriage, etc.) in which the interested parties do not express their names and surnames..
10. Any individual who, after being inscribed in the new register, changes his name or surname shall be punished in accordance with the malice and circumstances of the case. The penalty shall be no less than eight days in jail, redeemable by a three-peso fine..

Furthermore, to make sure of the active implementation of the decree, parish priests were encouraged to assist their parishioners in understanding the advantages brought about by the Claveria Decree. To ensure this, all secular and regular prelates were requested to use their influence and position in overseeing that all parish priests cooperate. Their utmost cooperation was seen as 'indispensable for the complete success' of the Claveria Decree.

To conclude, the 'Claveria Decree' served its purpose in dispelling confusion among families but more importantly, guaranteed tax collections, regular performance of personal services and receiving payments for exemptions. This also explains now the origin of so many Filipinos having Spanish family names.

THE END

Reference(s): For a complete copy of the Claveria Decree and its articles, please log on to the PhilGenWeb Project’s web page: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Ranch/9121/claveria.html

Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo.com

Sent by Joan De Soto
Genealogy for descendants of the French colonists of North America by Michel Robert.
This site provides tidbits of information about colonists of New-France and their descendants from 1534 to 1899, in the form of passenger lists, places of origin, activities, maps, military rolls, people who took part in some historical events,etc. This may help learning about your ancestors.

Venezuela Family History Research

Roberto Pérez Guadarrama
perezfru@telcel.net.ve
04143403359
0241-843229
mailto:robertoperezguadarrama@hotmail.com

First of a series of articles concerning Venezuela research sent by Roberto Pérez Guadarrama.

Ya que Mis Apellidos Paternos son de Pampan, Trujillo, Valera, Pampanito,
Flor de Patria... y Ciudades, Pueblos cercanos.

Los Apellidos de 6 Generaciones de los Miembros de Mi Árbol Genealógico
Lista de Apellidos: Números de Miembros: 3.413, Números de Familias: 1.045
Pérez, Rueda Godoy, Pérez Rueda, Pérez Vivas, Carillo, López, Pérez Carillo, Pérez Pérez, López, Segnini Calderón, Pérez Segnini, Romero, Pérez Romero,Hidalgo Borges, Hidalgo Pérez, Aponte, Aponte Pérez, Valeri, Pérez Valeri, Castellanos, Castellanos Pérez, Morillo, Castellanos Morillo, Torres, Castellano Torres, Jiménez, Castellanos Jiménez, Urbina, Urbina Castellanos,
Morales, Morales Castellanos, Sierra, Villalobos, Castellanos Sierra, Castellanos Villalobos, Araque, Acosta Salina, Araque Castellanos, Acosta Castellanos, Cachutt, Pérez Cachutt, Arjona, Pérez Arjona, Ramírez, Gil, Villegas, Márquez, Herrera, Pérez Márquez, Pérez Herrera, Pérez Villegas,
Manzanilla, Manzanilla Pérez, Aguilar, Manzanilla Aguilar, González, Manzanilla González, Molina, Molina Pérez, Morillo, Molina Morillo, Maldonado, Maldonado Molina, Marquina, Molina Marquina, Gechelle, Pérez Gechelle, Rivas, Pérez Rivas, Bravo, Barreto, Pérez Barreto, Pérez Bravo, Herrera, Pérez Herrera, Parilli, Parilli Pérez, Briceño, Briceño Pérez, Cardozo, Cardozo Pérez, Rodríguez Solá, Quintero, Pérez Rodríguez, Pérez Quintero, Martínez, Martínez Pérez, Arias, Acosta, Arias Pérez, Acosta Pérez, Cabrera, Alfonzo, Pérez Cabrera, Pérez Alfonzo, Urrieta, Urrieta Pérez, Núñez, Núñez Pérez, Briceño Perozo, Pérez Briceño, Baptista Colmenares, Baptista Pérez, García Valdez, García Pérez, Albornoz, Pérez Albornoz, Pérez Chuecos, González, González Pérez, Webel, Pérez Webel, Silva, Pérez Silva, Liendo, Pérez Liendo, Blonval López, Blonval Pérez,
Avellaneda, Urdaneta, Fernández, Mendoza, Mendoza Pérez, Lucero, Mendoza Lucero, Rondon, Rondon Mendoza, Colmenarez Colmenarez Pérez, Lobo, Lobo Colmenarez, Garrido, Garrido Colmenarez, Blanco Anzola, Pérez Blanco,Tálamo, Tálamo Pérez, Dubuc, Dubuc Pérez, Valeri, Valeri Pérez, Rojas, Rojas Valeri, Fermín, Fermín Rojas, Escalona, Escalona Rojas, Chuecos, Chuecos Pérez, Rad, Rad Chuecos, Terán, Terán Gil, Linares, Linares Terán, Briceño, Linares Briceño, Peña, Torres, Linares Peña, Linares Torres, Millán, Millán Linares, Muñoz, Muñoz Linares, González Mata, Linares González, Fernández, Fernández Linares, Bracamonte, Bracamonte Terán, Linares Bracamonte, Pereira, Linares Pereira, Jaimes, Jaimes Linares, León, Linares León, Franco
Ocanto, Franco Bracamonte, Montero, Montero Franco, Vásquez, Vásquez Franco, Segovia, Gómez, Ferreira, Bracamonte Gómez, Bracamonte Ferreira, Vásquez, Vásquez Bracamonte, Dávila, Dávila Vásquez, Guerrero, Vásquez Guerrero, Quevedo, Quevedo Bracamonte, Freire, Freire Quevedo, Changin, Realy, Changin Bracamonte, Realy Bracamonte, Bertinato, Bertinato Bracamonte, Guzmán, Guzmán Linares, Lazo, Linares Lazo, Reverón, Linares Reverón, Persati, Persati Linares, Grisoilas, Grisoilas Linares, Bastidas, Vásquez, Ruiz, Pérez Bastidas, Velásquez, Pérez Velásquez, Salas, Pérez Sala, Jaramillo, Pérez Jaramillo, Parra, Parra Pérez, Castellano, Castellano Pérez, López, López Pérez, Terán, Terán Pérez, Delgado, Delgado Terán, Rojas, Terán Rojas, González, González Terán, Aquilar, Montilla, Terán Aquilar, Terán Montilla, Santiago, Santiago Pérez, Perdomo, Perdomo Pérez, Guevara, Guevara Perdomo, Hurtado, Hurtado Perdomo, Márquez, Perdomo Márquez, Ruiz, Ruiz Perdomo, Lucena, Lucena Perdomo, Sáez, León, León Perdomo, García, Perdomo García, Ardiles, Perdomo Ardiles, Reyes, Perdomo Reyes, Bravo, Bravo Pérez, Gori,
Vásquez Gori, Guillén, Ruiz Guillen, Terán, Ruiz Terán, Pérez Vivas, Parilli, Parilli Pérez, González Vera, Terán, Torres, Pérez Torres, Morón Moreno, Ruiz, Cooz, Cooz Ruiz, Márquez, Márquez Cooz, Daboin, Cooz Daboin, Roja s, Cooz Rojas, González, González Cooz, Ruzza, Ruzza Cooz, Vanegas, Rosario, Ruiz Vanegas, Ruiz Rosario, Marcano, Rosario Marcano, Peña, Ruiz Peña, Rueda, Rueda Rosario, Pérez Morón, Paris, Parra Bastidas, Uzcatequi, Parra Uzcatequi, Daboin, Parra Daboin, Ferrini, Parra Ferrini, Cegana, Cegana Parra, Barreto, Barreto Parra, Pimentel, Pimentel Pérez, Llavaneras, Llavaneras Pimentel, Quevedo, Quevedo Pimentel, Márquez, Márquez Pimentel,
Briceño, Briceño Pimentel, Torres, Pérez Torres, Malden, Pérez Malden, Parilli, Pérez Parilli, Betancourt, Betancourt Pérez, González, González Pérez, Araujo, González Araujo, La Corte, González La Corte, González, González González, Valdiviezo, Valdiviezo González, Barrueta, Segnini Morón, Urbina, Mendoza, Daboin, Chesnean, Pérez Daboin, Pérez Chesnean, Boschetti,
Pérez Boschetti, Nadal, Villegas Corte, Briceño, Linares García, Quintero, Espronceda, Castaño De León, Palencia Sarache, Bastidas, Bastidas Pérez, Barreto Delgado, Pérez Barreto, Maldonado Espiña, Maldonado Briceño, Briceño, Briceño Pérez, Quevedo, Pérez Quevedo, Peña Parada, Guzmán Muchacho, Andrade Briceño, Andrade Peña, Villegas Cortes, Pérez Villegas, Rodríguez, Pérez Segnini Rodríguez, Seguias, Pérez Segnini Seguias, Littefield, Pérez Segnini Littefield, Lauria, Pérez Segnini Lauria, Von Oiste, Pérez Segnini Von Oiste, Mendoza, León, David, Pérez Segnini Mendoza, Pasos, David, Pérez León, Gabaldon Pérez, Pérez Segnini Gabaldon, González
Ramos, Martínez, González Pérez Segnini, Martínez Pérez Segnini, Estrada Moreno, Pérez Segnini Estrada, Lucente Pérez, Pérez Segnini Lucente, Pérez Castellanos, Pérez Pérez Castellanos, Pannacci, Pannacci Pérez, Torres, Torres Pannacci, Roa, Pannacci Roa, Moreno, Moreno Pannacci, Pérez, Pérez Pannacci, Machado, Mora, Mora Pannacci, Machado Pannacci, Maes Galindo,
Pérez Segnini Maes, Borjas Von Bach, Pérez Segnini Borjas, Urdaneta, Urdaneta Pérez, González, Mendoza González, Mendoza, Mendoza Mendoza, Segovia, Segovia Mendoza, Sandoval Gutiérrez , Linares, Urbina Sandoval, Chávez, Chávez Urbina, Dávila Fonseca, Pérez Dávila, Acerbo, Pérez Acerbo, Silva, Silva Pérez, Smit, Smit Pérez, Lauterbach, Lauterbach Pérez, Malpica,
Urbina Malpica, Benitez, Infante, Infante Urbina, Bandres, Bandres Urbina, Del Valle Urriola, Urbina Del Valle, Ojeda, Baez, Ojeda Urbina, Baez Urbina, Gravina, Gravina Ojeda, Soriano, Ojeda Soriano, Carrasquero, Carrasquero Urbina, Alvarez, Alvarez Mendoza, Andrade, Moreno, Araujo, Araujo Terán, Vásquez, Vásquez Araujo, García, García Vásquez, Cerrada, Yepes, Araujo Cerradas, Araujo Yepes, Cira, Ruzza, Lucente, Ruzza Araujo, Lucente Araujo, Riera, Cira Riera, Pineda, Pineda Pérez, Guillén, Guillén Pineda, Trejo, Trejo Pineda, Luongo, Luongo Pineda, Crespo, Crespo Pérez, González, González Crespo, Manzanilla, Crespo Manzanilla, Dugarte, Dugarte Crespo, Herrera, Prada, Pérez Prada, Segnini, Segnini Pérez, González Borges, González Segnini, Gerlache, Gerlache González, Guerrero, Guerrero González, Troconis, Troconis González, Mendoza, Mendoza González, Carvallo, Carvallo Segnini, Diez, Carvallo Diez, Marquez, Carvallo Marquez, Sánchez, Carvallo Sánchez, Carvallo Carvallo, Delgado, Segnini Delgado, Mejias, Briceño,
Briceño Segnini, Hernández, Segnini Hernández, Uzcatequi, González, Piña, Cira, Hernández, Pérez Cira, Pérez Piña, Torres, Pérez Torres, Valera, Castellanos León, Pérez Castellano, Pérez Briceño, Pérez Valera, Martínez,Pérez Martínez, Marquez Pérez, Mosquera, Pérez Mosquera, Rosales, Pérez Rosales, Rincón, Chuecos Rincón, González, González Chuecos, Arjona Texier,
Arjona Chuecos, Muchacho, Arjona Muchacho, Valero, Chuecos Valero, Norman, Norman Chuecos, Rodríguez, Chuecos Rodríguez, Pacheco, Chuecos Pacheco, Silliett, Moreno Siliett, Moreno, Delgado, Moreno Andrade, Delgado Andrade, Quevedo, Quevedo Moreno, Vicent, Vicent Delgado, Vásquez, Delgado Vásquez, Núñez, Araujo, Andrade Núñez, Andrade Araujo, Paredes Andrade, Aranguren, Lucente Pantaleone, Lucente Pérez, Sabala, Sabala Lucente, Araujo, Lucente Araujo, Pompeo, Lucente Pompeo, Pérez Araujo, Torres, Torres Pérez, Moreno, Pérez Moreno, Blanco, Pérez Blanco, Barreto, Aranguren Barreto, Betancourt, Aranguren Betancourt, Pérez Arjona, Duran, Morillo, Santos, Ruiz, Mendoza, Castellanos, Gonzalez, Raga, Cabrera, Briceño, Rodríguez, Raga Rodríguez, Contreras, Raga Contreras, Dávila, Raga Dávila, Rodríguez, Morillo Rodríguez, Pannacci, Azuaje, Alcubilla, Alcubilla Morillo, Ascanio, Borjas, Ascanio Azuaje, Borjas Azuaje, Elvis, Elvis Ascanio, Nieve, Nieve Ascanio, Moreno Pérez, Moreno Morillo, Ruiz, Ruiz Gonzalez, Cañizalez, Carrillo, Carrillo Ruiz, Valderrama, Valderrama Briceño, Olivares, Mendoza Olivares, Paredes, Paredes Mendoza, Dávila, Dávila Paredes, Bastidas, Villegas,Villegas Mendoza, Bastidas Mendoza, Quintero, Benitez, Gonzalez Benitez, Gonzalez Quintero, Gonzalez, Terán, Urbina, Pérez Gonzalez, Urbina, Terán, Boscan, Boscan Terán, Centeno, Centeno Boscan, Esquivel, Esquivel Boscan, Briceño, Boscan Briceño, Vera, Cuevas, Boscan Cuevas, Boscan Vera, Reverol, Arévalo, Arévalo Boscan, Colombo, Fajardo, Reyes Herrera, Pérez Reyes, Bacca, Daboin, Moreno, Batista, Pérez Batista, Godoy, Godoy Pérez, Mazzarri Pérez, Cols, Delmor, Delmor Pérez, Gabaldon, Gabaldon Pérez, La Riva, Azuaje, Ruiz, Gonzalez, Perdomo, Rosales, Pérez Azuaje, Pérez La Riva, Marquez Ramos, Marquez Pérez, Oliveira, Marquez Oliveira, Bourgeois, Lanza, Marquez Lanza, Marquez Bourgeois, Siverio, Marquez Siverio, Noquera Peña, Noquera Marquez, Gonzalez Delgado, Marquez Gonzalez, Almao, Urbano, Marquez Almao, Marquez Urbano, Signer, Signer Marquez, Sulbaran, Sulbaran Marquez, Rodriquez, Silva, Marquez Silva, Lopresti Marra, Huerta, Marquez Huerta, Marquez Lopresti, Guadarrama García, Pérez Guadarrama, Hernández Leoni,
Hernández Pérez, Yépez Pacheco, Pérez Yépez, Frusciante Berto, Pérez Frusciante, Sánchez, Pérez Sánchez, Pérez Quijada, Albani Orlando, Cooz Lanz, Pérez Albani, Pérez Cooz, Cestari, Cestari Pérez, Reischmann, Reischmann Cestari, Abreu, Cestari Abreu, Bravo Macitado, Pérez Bravo, Linares Pérez, Calderon Araujo, Calderon Pérez, Quevedo Guerra, Quevedo Pérez, Carpio, Quevedo Carpio, Caldera, Caldera Quevedo, Vieweg, Vieweg Pérez, Davila, Vieweg Davila, Obregón, Vieweg Obregón, Hermanni, Hermanni Vieweg, Jiménez, Jiménez Vieweg, Acosta, Acosta Vieweg, Maciat, Maciat Vieweg,

Estoy Interesado en contactar Cronistas, Historiadores, Interesados en
Genealogía, Familiares,...en el Estado Falcón, Paraguana.
Ya que Mis Apellidos Maternos son de Jadacaquiva, Guanadito, Los Taques,...
y Ciudades, Pueblos cercanos.
Los Apellidos de 6 Generaciones de los Miembros de Mi Árbol Genealógico son:
Lista de Apellidos
Lugo, Blanchard, Lugo Blanchard, García, Guadarrama, García Blanchard, Primera, García García, Colina, Yagua, Marín, Jordán, Brett, Amaya, Romero, Guede, Gomez, García Lugo, Romero Lugo, Croes, Guede Croes, Reyes, Reyes García, Camaya Brett, Velazco, Yagua Camaya, Gutiérrez, Jordán Gutiérrez, Alvarado, Alvarado Brett, Otero, García Marín, Chacon, Jordán Chacon, Guadarrama Valdez, Guadarrama García, Guadarrama Lugo, Montero, Montero Guadarrama, Rengifo, Rengifo Guadarrama, Astorga, Astorga Guadarrama, Toledo, Toledo Guadarrama, Caldera, Caldera Guadarrama, García Guadarrama, Gutiérrez, García Gutiérrez, García Hernández, García García, Penso, García Penso, Sierralta, Hernández, García Sierralta, García Hernández, García Brenke, Caraballo, García Caraballo, Juliao, Bernache, García Juliao, García Bernache, Montiel, García Montiel, Guadarrama Millano, Guadarrama García, Pérez Pérez, Pérez Guadarrama, Hernández Leoni, Hernández Pérez, Yépez Pacheco, Pérez Yépez, Frusciante Berto, Pérez Frusciante, Sánchez, Pérez Sánchez, Sarmiento Pérez, Guadarrama Sarmiento, Palmisano Lonigro, Palmisano
Guadarrama, Alvarado, Guadarrama Alvarado, Rodríguez Medina, Rodríguez Guadarrama, Ravel Sequera, Ludewig, Ravel Guadarrama, Ludewig Guadarrama, Bartoli Mendoza, Bartoli Guadarrama, Torres Zúñiga, Torres Bartoli, Bernabeu Marín, Guadarrama Bernabeu, Bagur , Monsalves, Angola Sarmiento, Guadarrama Bagur, Garzaro, Guadarrama Garzaro, Guadarrama Monsalves, Guadarrama Angola, Hernández, García Hernández, Sánchez, García Sánchez, García, Guadarrama, García García, Osorio Guadarrama, Osorio García, Padeuga, Osorio Padeuga, Saludes, Saludes Osorio, Biancanello, Biancanello Saludes, Farias, Farias Osorio, Puigbo, Puigbo Farias, Alegrett, Alegrett Farias, Lucena, Lucena Farias, Díaz, Farias Díaz, Blanchard, Blanchard García, Guadarrama Valdez,
García Guadarrama, Montero, Montero García, Lugo, Urbano, Martínez, Sánchez, Villa, Lugo Villa, Colina, Lugo Colina, Guadarrama García, Guadarrama Lugo, Amaya, Lugo Amaya, Lugo Sánchez, Lugo Lugo, Martínez Guadarrama, Martínez Lugo, Cossi, Lugo Cossi, Ocando, Ocando Primera, Guanipa, Guanipa Ocando, Díaz, Millano, Millano Ocando, Guadarrama, Peniche, Valdez Goitia,
Guadarrama Valdez, Petit Franco, Sánchez, Guadarrama Sánchez, González, Guadarrama González, Gomez, Guadarrama Gomez, Moreno, Guadarrama Moreno, García Lugo, Guadarrama García, Montero, Montero Guadarrama, Rengifo, Rengifo Guadarrama, Astorga, Astorga Guadarrama, Toledo, Toledo Guadarrama, Caldera, Caldera Guadarrama, Lugo, Lugo Guadarrama, Martínez, Martínez Guadarrama, García Lugo, García Guadarrama, Montero, Montero García,

Roberto José Pérez Guadarrama
C.I. 7.047.038
Cel. 04143403359
Tel. hab. 0241- 8432029
Dirección: Urb. Trigal Norte, Av. Del Antártico, Conjunto Residencial Valle
Escondido, Casa # 10.
Valencia, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela 2001

^*Robert H. Thonhoff is an author, historian, speaker, emcee, retired educator, retired Karnes County Judge, former President of the Texas State Historical Association, and an Honorary Granadero de Gálvez. He and his wife Victoria, an Honorary Dama de Gálvez, reside in Karnes City, Texas, and have three children and five grandchildren..

Descendants of ancestors who worked on the railroads might also find useful information.
The U.S. Railroad Retirement Board was created in the 1930s, and has records dating back to 1937, but they exist only for those whose emploeyrs were covered under the Railroad Retirement Act. You can obtain information about deceased individuals for genealgoical purposes. The records are arranged by Social Security number. If you do not know the number, provide as much identifying information as you have. Currently there is a $21 nonrefundable fee for a search in these records. Send request, along with check or money order, to:
844 North Rush Street, Chicago, IL 60611-2092

Sent by Armando Montes AMontes@mail.com
Source: Dr. Language, http://www.yourDictionary.com
Para genealogistas Digamy (Noun) Pronunciation: ['di-gê-mi]
Definition 1: A second marriage after a divorce or the passing of a spouse, deuterogamy.
Usage 1: Bigamy is illegal marriage to two spouses simultaneously; digamy is marriage to two spouses in legal succession. Polygamy is marriage to several partners simultaneously—'polygyny' refers to having several wives while 'polyandry' refers to having several husbands. The adjective for today's noun is 'digamous' and sounds like 'bigamous.'
Suggested usage: The English language is rich in words referring to multiple spouses; clearly spousal affiliation is an important social issue among us and we must have terms to refer to all its aspects. Digamy has become almost as common as marriage since the more or less united states of North America began legalizing divorce in the 60s. 'All my friends become digamous so fast, it is difficult to say that that none are bigamous.' Digamy has become an aspect of family life that many US families in the post-Vietnam era have had to make allowances for.
Etymology: From Greek digamia 'marriage twice' based on dis 'twice' + gamos 'marriage.' The synonym of today's word, 'deuterogamy,' comes from Greek deuteros 'second' + 'gamos' and is related to the name of the second book of the Bible, Deuteronomy from Greek deuteronomion 'second law' from deuteros 'second' + nom- 'law.'

You can still register at: http://www.egenconference.com
Flash presentation: http://www.xmission.com/~fhradio/lessons/openingpresentation.htm
Speaker program: http://www.familyhistoryradio.com/fhr_sp/program.php
Speakers Biographies: http://www.familyhistoryradio.com/fhr_sp/speaker.php

Would you like a new experience in websearching? Are you tired of long lists to scroll down when you use GOOGLE or other search engines. Try KARTOO.com; it is a metasearcher with a twist. those who 'visualize' will enjoy their map-style presentation. The results from the search are displayed on a 'Map' with about ten individual sites shown as yellow circles.

Move your cursor over the circle and a short summary of site holdings are displayed in the left hand column. If the site is 'connected' to other sites on the map 'links' will be displayed. In the upper left corner is a list of several most popular sites. Just under the sites list is a list of topics. You can click on the + or - to add or delete the topic search term to you next searches.

If you want to see the actual material just click on the yellow dot to be taken to the document or list. When you want to see the next map of results, click on the green arrow in the bottom right hand corner. (If there are no more findings the arrow will not be green.)

• Find a First, Middle, or last name that Contains a set of letters or Ends with a set of letters.
• Do a Wildcard Search with only two known letters at the beginning of the name.
• Search by Relationship to Head of House, narrowing down the number of hits for a common name.
• Search by Microfilm number, or specific frame on the roll.
• Search by Enumeration District or Page within it.
  

Family History Centers that are connected to the Internet now have the opportunity to sign up for Ancestry access for their patrons to use at no charge. http://stevemorse.org/census/ancestry.html
You can now search the Ellis Island data for 732 ports of departure by using Stephen Morse's Ellis Island in One Step, and the White Form.
For more on this ability, see http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/eidb/ellis.htm
Source: UGANEWS May-June 2003, Vol. 32, No. 1